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Contents List

Editors’ Preface and Acknowledgements (H.J. Nissen and H.G.K. Gebel): 1-2

Editors’ Introduction (H.J. Nissen and H.G.K. Gebel): 3-10

1. The Stratigraphy and Locus Data (H.G.K. Gebel): 11-132

1.1 Remarks on the Stratigraphical Evaluation

1.1.1 Infield Stratigraphical Observation and Record 1.1.2 Methods of Stratigraphical Reconstruction 1.1.3 Topographical and Geomorphological Conditions of the Stratigraphical Sequences 1.1.4 Addressing Deposit Classes and Archaeological Features, Related to the Major Questions of the Site’s Stratigraphy 1.1.5 Intra-Site Anthropogenic and Natural Processes Influencing the Formations and Preservation of Basta Stratigraphy

1.2 Stratigraphy of Area A

1.2.1 Architectural and Stratigraphical Preservation in Area A 1.2.2 Stratigraphical Evidence of the NE- and NW Sections 1.2.3 General Architectural and Stratigraphical Sequence of Area A

1.3 Stratigraphy of Area B

1.3.1 Architectural and Stratigraphical Preservation in Area B 1.3.2 Stratigraphical Evidence from Area B Sections 1.3.3 General Architectural and Stratigraphical Sequence of Area B 1.3.4 Comments on Locus Grouping and Architectural Units, Functional Evidence, and Room Fills in Area B

1.4 Stratigraphy of Area C and of Other Site Localities

1.5 Basta’s General Stratigraphical Features

• Appendix A: Area A. Locus Data List
• Appendix B: Area A. Geoarchaeological layer description of the NW Section
• Appendix C: Area B. Locus Data List
• Appendix D: B 103. Geoarchaeological Layer Description
• Appendix E: Area C, Test Unit C 208, Western Section. Geoarchaeological Layer Lescription
• Appendix F: Area C, Test Unit C 217, Northern and Eastern Sections. Geoarchaeological Layer Description
• Stratigraphic Chart Area A
• Stratigraphic Chart Area B

2 The Architecture (H.J. Nissen): 133-180

2.1 Introduction: Common Features of the Architecture at Basta

2.1.1 Building Techniques and Materials 2.1.2 Terraces and Terrace Walls 2.1.3 Houses

2.2 Area A

2.2.1 Reconstructing the Slope 2.2.2 Terraces and their Substructures 2.2.3 Floors and Wall Plaster 2.2.4 Houses

2.3 Area B

2.3.1 Reconstructing the Slope 2.3.2 Terraces and their Substructures 2.3.3 Floors and Wall Plaster 2.3.4 Houses 2.3.5 Unrelated Structures 2.3.6 Communication Ways

3 The Architectural Reconstruction (M. Kinzel): 181-202

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Basic Consideration on Reconstructing LPPNB Architecture

3.3 Building Characteristics Relevant for Reconstruction

3.3.1 Development of Building Ground and Building Material 3.3.2 Erection of Buildings 3.3.3 Use and Alteration of Buildings and Ground Plans 3.3.4 Dilapidation and Development of Ruins 3.3.5 Excavation and Architectural Interpretation

3.4 Aspects of the Traditional Architecture of Southern Jordan

3.4.1 Principles in Traditional Architecture of Semi-arid Highlands as a Source of Interpretation 3.4.2 Wall Sharing and One-storey Buildings: Example from Old Basta 3.4.3 Two-storey Buildings: Example From Dana 3.4.4 Split-level Buildings: Example From Rajif 3.4.5 Transition: Rural Village Architecture from Aurès, Algeria 3.4.6 Roofs and Ceilings in the Traditional Village Architecture of the Petra Area 3.4.7 Wall Openings in the Traditional Village Architecture of the Petra Area

3.5 Architectural Reconstruction

3.5.1 Terraces, Substructures, Foundations 3.5.2 Exterior of Buildings 3.5.2.1 Exterior Walls 3.5.2.2 Roofs and Ceilings 3.5.3 Communication Ways 3.5.3.1 Passages 3.5.3.2 Roofs as Communal Space 3.5.4 Interior of Buildings 3.5.4.1 Interior Walls 3.5.4.2 Pillars and Buttresses 3.5.4.3 Floors 3.5.4.4 Wall Openings 3.5.4.4.1 Doors 3.5.4.4.2 “Windows” and Air Circulation Openings 3.5.4.5 Niches 3.5.5 Modification of Ground Plans 3.5.6 Reconstruction of Buildings 3.5.6.1 Wall Sharing 3.5.6.2 Single-Storey Buildings 3.5.6.3 “Split-Level”Buildings 3.5.6.4 Two-Storey Buildings? 3.5.7 Reconstruction of the Settlement 3.5.7.1 Area A 3.5.7.2 Area B

3.6 Summary and Further Questions

4 Summary and Conclusions (H.G.K. Gebel, M. Kinzel, H.J. Nissen, and Z. Zaid): 203-224

4.1 The Stratigraphical Framework

4.1.1 Sedimentary Environments 4.1.2 Stratigraphical Events 4.1.3 Site Preservation 4.1.4 Stratigraphical Formation and Sequence 4.1.5 Comparative Site Stratigraphy

4.2 The Architecture

4.2.1 Planning Procedures 4.2.1.1 Preparing the Building Lot 4.2.1.2 Sub-Floor Systems 4.2.2 Building Techniques 4.2.3 Preservation of the Architecture 4.2.4 Recycling of Building Material 4.2.5 Alterations

4.3 Functional Analysis

4.3.1 Domestic vs. Communal 4.3.1.1 Upper Storeys? 4.3.1.2 Possible Change of Function 4.3.2 Open Space and Site Fringes 4.3.3 Burial Grounds

4.4 Size, Layout, and Inner Organization of the Settlement

4.4.1 The Concept of Living Quarters 4.4.2 Phase BI 4.4.3 Size of the Settlement

4.5 Basta Architecture in Comparison

4.5.1 Thoughts On the Roots of Complex Architecture 4.5.2 “Mega-Site” Architecture 4.5.3 Recent and Sub-Recent Comparison

Bibliography: 225-232

Plates: 233-306

Insertion: Top Plan Area A Insertion: Top Plan Area B