Contents List

Introduction

Part I . About Bifacial Tools. Cultures. and Technological Innovations
Technological Review

Raw Material Procurement and Extraction.
- Bifacial Flaking
- Post-polish Flaking
- Transversal Blow Technique (Tranchet Axes)
- Polishing of Bifacial Tools
- Hafting of Bifacial Tools
- Flint Bifacial Tool Manufacturing Debris
- Breakage Patterns of Bifacial Tools

Typological Review
- Common Bifacial Tools
- Particularly Long Axes
- Miniature Bifacial Tools
- Metal Bifacial Tools

Functional Review
- What Bifacial Tools were Used For
- Use-wear Analysis in the Southern Levant
- How Bifacial Tools were Used

Archeological Context of Bifacial Tools
- Quarries. Mines and Raw Material Procurement Sites
- Workshops
- Habitation Sites
- Task-specific Sites
- Hoards and Caches
- Graves and Burials
- Megaliths
- Megalithic Art

Deliberate Destruction of Bifacial Tools

Axes. Men and Women

Innovations. Inventions and the Meaning of Technological Change
- Why Change?
- Acceptance and Rejection of Change
- What We Can Learn from Technological Change


Part II. Bifacial Tools in Holocene southern Levant

Samples and Research Methods

Definitions
- Tool Type
- Debris
- Blank
- Quality of Raw Material
- Shaping of the Working Edge
- Shaping of the Body
- Shape
- Length and Cross Sections
- Bifacial Ridge
- State of Preservation
- Discarding Patterns
- Maintenance of Bifacial Tools
- Metric Data

Natufian Site: Hayonim Cave
- Tool Characteristics
- Belfer Cohen's Analysis (1998)
- Hoarding in Hayonim Cave

Natufian Site: Einan ('Ain Malaha)
- Tool Characteristics
- Sarel's Analysis (1995)
- Neolithic Tools at Einan
- Summary

PPNA Site: Netiv Hagdud
- Tool Characteristics
- Transversal Spalls
- Polished Stone Axes at Netiv Hagdud
- Nadel's Analysis (1997)
- Use-wear Analysis
- Summary

PPNA Site: Modi'in Shimshoni
- Tool Characteristics
- Summary

PPNA Site: Gesher

PPNB Site: Nahal Lavan 109
- Tool Characteristics
- Transversal Spalls
- Summary

PPNB Site: Yiftahel
- Tool Characteristics
- Polished vs . Tranchet Axes
- Summary

PPNB Site: Kfar Hahoresh
- Tool Characteristics
- Summary

PPNB Site: Abu Gosh
- Tool Characteristics
- Summary

PPNB Site: Beisamoun
- Tool Characteristics
- The Surface Collection
- The Hula Break
- Maintenance Activities
- Summary

PPNB Site: Mesad Mazal
- Tool Characteristics
- Summary

PPNB Site: Atlit Yam
- Tool Characteristics
- Summary

PN Site (Yarmukian): Sha'ar Hagolan
- Tool Characteristics
- Summary

PN Site (Yarmukian): Hamadiya
- Tool Characteristics
- Summary

PN Site (Yarmukian): Nahal Zehora II
- Tool Characteristics
- Summary

PN Site (Wadi Raba): Nahal Zehora II
- Tool Characteristics
- Nahal Zehora II Inter-site Comparison (Yarmukhian/Lodian vs . Wadi Raba)
- Summary

PN Site (Wadi Raba): Nahal Zehora I
- Tool Characteristics
- Use-wear Analysis
- Bifacial Flaking Debris
- Summary

PN Site (Wadi Raba): Newe Yam
- Tool Characteristics
- Summary

Chalcolithic Site: Natzur
- Tool Characteristics
- Summary

Chalcolithic Site: Giveat Ha'oranim
- Tool Characteristics
- Use-wear Analysis
- Summary

Chalcolithic Site: Khirbet El 'Alya East
- Tool Characteristics
- Summary
- Chalcolithic Site: Peqi'in Cave
- Tool Characteristics
- Summary

Chalcolithic Site: Grar
- Tool Characteristics
- Summary

Chalcolithic Site: Bir Safadi.
- Tool Characteristics
- Summary

Chalcolithic Site: Abu Matar
- Tool Characteristics
- Summary


Part III. Holocene Cultures as seen through the Dvnamics of Bifacial Tools

Bifacial Tools Over Time: A Tool's Metamorphosis
- Frequency of Appearance
- About This Chapter
- Axes
- Adzes
- Chisels

Bifacial Tools Over Time: Changing Needs
- PPNA
- PPNB
- Early PN (Yarrnukian)
- Late PN (Wadi Raba)
- Chalcolithic

The Larger Picture
- Natufian Bifacial Tools
- PPNA Bifacial Tools
- PPNB Bifacial Tools
- PN Yarmukian Bifacial Tools
- PN Lodian Bifacial Tools
- PN Wadi Raba Bifacial Tools
- Chalcolithic Bifacial Tools
- The Decline of Bifacial Tools

Final Remarks

Bibliography

Appendix